The effects of aerobic exercise on physical fitness indices and the amount of insulin consumption in boys with type 1 diabetes
Subject Areas : Exercise Physiology and Performance
samira
zaheri
1
(Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.)
Keywords: Aerobic training, insulin, Fitness, Diabetes type 1,
Abstract :
Background: The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from defects in secretion and action of insulin. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on physical fitness indices and the amount of insulin taken in boys with type 1 diabetesMethods: For this purpose, 64 adolescents boy with diabetes type I were selected and were divided into 2 groups: Aerobic training group (AE) (n = 32) and control group (CO) (n = 32).Aerobic training group did aerobic exercises for 6 weeks (3 days a week), while the control group did not do any exercise. Training program consisted of: a) warm-up (10 minutes); b) the original class (30 minutes); c) cooling (5 minutes). At first both groups performed fitness physical tests that include of flexibility (sit and reach test), muscular endurance test (sit-up test), aerobic capacity test (run 6 minutes’ walk), agility test (T-test) and anaerobic capacity (Running-based Anaerobic SprintTest), also were recorded the amount of insulin consumption as a pre-test and then after six weeks both groups performed the same tests as a post-test.Result: The results showed that 6 weeks of aerobic training has a significant effect in increasing agility, flexibility, muscular endurance, aerobic power and anaerobic power in boys with type I diabetes (p<0.05). In addition, aerobic exercise group significantly reduced the amount of insulin than the control group (p<0.05).Conclusion: The result of this study showed that the application of aerobic exercise is effective for improvement of physical fitness indices. This may reduce the amount of insulin in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and they are more likely to participate in sports activities.
Herold KC, Hagopian W, Auger JA, Poumian-Ruiz E, Taylor L, Donaldson D, et al. Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibody in New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346(22):1692-8.
Cooke DW and Leslie Plotnick. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Pediatrics Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Pediatrics. Pediatr. Rev. 2008; 29:374-385.
Rewers M, Bugawan TL, Norris JM, Blair A, Beaty B, Hoffman M, McDuffie RS, Hamman RF, Klingensmith G, Eisenbarth GS, et al. Newborn screening for HLA markers associated with IDDM: diabetes autoimmunity study in the young (DAISY) Diabetologia. 1996;39:807–812.
Lévy-Marchal C, Patterson CC, Green A; EURODIAB ACE Study Group. Europe and Diabetes. Geographical variation of presentation at diagnosis of type I diabetes in children: the EURODIAB study. European and Dibetes. Diabetologia. 2001; 44 Suppl 3:B75–B80.
Patterson CC, Dahlquist GG, Gyürüs E, Green A, Soltész G. Incidence trends for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe during 1989-2003 and predicted new cases 2005-20: a multicentre prospective registration study. Lancet. 2009;373:2027–2033.
Zipitis CS, Akobeng AK. Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2008;93:512–517.
Hyppönen E, Läärä E, Reunanen A, Järvelin MR, Virtanen SM. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet. 2001;358:1500–1503.
Schattner A. Consequence or coincidence? The occurrence, pathogenesis and significance of autoimmune manifestations after viral vaccines. Vaccine. 2005;23:3876–3886.
Michels AW, Eisenbarth GS. Immune intervention in type 1 diabetes. Semin Immunol. 2011; 23:214–219.
Bearse MA Jr, Han Y, Schneck ME, Barez S, Jacobsen C, et al. Local multifocal oscillatory potential abnormalities in diabetes and early diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2004; 45: 3259-3265.
Gillett MJ. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1c assay in the diagnosis of diabetes: Diabetes Care 2009; 32(7): 1327-1334. Clin Biochem Rev 30: 197-200.
Østergård T, Andersen JL, Nyholm B, Lund S, Nair KS, Saltin B and et al. Impact of exercise training on insulin sensitivity, physical fitness, and muscle oxidative capacity in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006; 290(5): 998-1005.
Mortensen HB, Robertson KJ, Aanstoot HJ, Danne T, Holl RW, Hougaard P, et al. Hvidore Study Group on Childhood Diabetes, Insulin management and metabolic control of type 1 diabetes mellitus in childhood and adolescence in 18 countries. Diabet Med. 1998; 15:752- 59.
Lucidi P, Porcellati F, Andreoli AM, Carriero I, Candeloro P, Cioli P, Bolli GB, and Fanelli CG. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of NPH Insulin in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: The Importance of Appropriate Resuspension before Subcutaneous Injection. Diabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online September 2015
Zahra Shahraki Z, Eftekhari E. Impact of Aerobic Exercise on Serum Vaspin Level in Female Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences. 2018; Vol. 5, No. 3, 203–208.
Segura-Ortı´ E, Martı´nez-Olmos FJ. Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change scores for sit-to-stand-to-sit tests, the SixMinute Walk Test, the one-leg heel-rise test, and handgrip strength in people undergoing hemodialysis. Phys Ther. 2011;91: 1244–1252.
Nasuka , Santosa I , Setiowati A , F Indrawati F. The Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test of different Type of Sports. Journal of Physics: Conference Series ;2019: 012146
Krismer M, van Tulder M, Low Back Pain Group of the Bone and Joint Health Strategies for Europe Project. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2007 Feb; 21(1); 77-91.
Castro-Piñero J, Artero EG, España-Romero V, Ortega FB, Sjöström M, Ruiz JR Criterion-related validity of field-based fitness tests in youth: A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2009; 44: 934-943
Miller MG, Herniman JJ, Ricard MD, Cheatham CC, Michael TJ. The effects of a 6-week plyometric training program on agility. J Sports Sci Med. 2006; 5(3):459–65
Liese AD, Ma X, Maahs DM, Trilk JL. Physical activity, sedentary behaviors, physical fitness, and their relation to health outcomes in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: A review of the epidemiologic literature. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2013; 2:21-38.
Chimen M, Kennedy A, Pang TT and Narendra P. What are the health benefits of physical activity in type 1diabetes mellitus? A literature review. Diabetologia. 2012; 55:542–51.
Zachezewski JE. Imprc~ingfl exibility. In: Scull? RM, Barnrs MR, eds. Physical Therapy. Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott Co. 1989; 698-99.
Rowland T. Physical fitness in children: implications for the prevention of coronary artery disease. Carr Prob Pediatr. 1981; 11:1-5.
Zinman B, Zuniga S, Kelley D. Comparison of the acute and long term effects of exercise on glucose control in Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1984; 7:515-9.
The Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group: The effects of aerobic exercise on glucose and counter-regulatory hormone concentrations in children with type 1 DM. diabetes care. 2006, 29:20-25.
Guelfi KJ, Jones TW, Fournier PA. The decline in blood glucose levels is less with intermittent high-intensity compared with moderate exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care.2005; 28:1289–1294.
Ramalho AC, De Lourdes LM, Nunes F, Cambui Z, Barbosa C, Andrade A, et al. The effect of resistance versus aerobic training on metabolic control in patients with type-1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006; 72(3):271-6
Heyman E and et al. Exercise Training and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 1 Diabetic adolescent Girls.Pediatric Exercise Science. 2007; 19: 408-19.
Herbest A, Kordonouri O, Schwab K, Schmidt F, Holl RW, DPV Initiative of the German Working Group for Pediatric Diabetology Germany: Impact of physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30:2098-100.
Nathan DM, Genuth S, Lachin J, Cleary P, Crofford O, Davis M, et al. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329(14):977-86.
Salem MA, AboElAsrar MA, Elbarbary NS, ElHilaly RA, Refaat YM. “Is exercise a therapeutic tool for improvement of cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus? A randomised controlled trial,” Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome. 2010; 11; 2(1):47.
Li J, Hu X, Selvakumar P, Russell RR 3rd, Cushman SW, Holman GD, et al. Role of the nitric oxide pathway in AMPK-mediated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation in heart muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 287(5): 834–41.
Lehnen AM, Angelis KD, Markoski MM, Schaan BD. Changes in the GLUT4 Expression by Acute Exercise, Exercise Training and Detraining in Experimental Models. J Diabetes Metab; 2012: S10:002. doi:10.4172/2155-6156.S10-002.